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Paunodzidza zvakaitika kare, hauoni zvakaoma here kudavira kuti kukunda nechisimba uye rugare rwunozotevera zvinogona kufambidzana? Kutaura zvazviri, ndakanzwa saizvozvo kutozosvikira ndatanga kudzidza nezvoUmambo hweMongol. Asi zvinoshamisa, pashure pokunge mauto aGenghis Khan akunda nzvimbo huru, rugare rwakadzikama nebudiriro zvakasvika. Mupfungwa yakati, vakawana “rugare nechisimba.” Iyi haisi nyaya yenhoroondo chete. Pane zvidzidzo zvakadzika zvinoshanda kuhukama hwemazuva ano hwenyika. Kuwedzera kweMongol Empire: Kupokana pakati perunyararo nekutengeserana kwakaunzwa nevakundi Nenzira, iwe uchiri kuzviramba se `` nhoroondo''? Kutaura idi, imomo ndimo mune kiyi yokugadzirisa zvinetso zvazvino uno. Zvinoita kuti ufunge, handiti? Pandakatanga kunzwa nyaya iyi, ndakabvunza shamwari yangu kuti, ``Unofunga kuti masoja eMongolia aizoita sei pashure pokunge akunda nyika?'' uye akaseka, ``Zvichida vangaenda kuzororo here?' Kutaura idi, vakanga vachigadzirira nzira nokuda kwavatengesi uye vachiteya nheyo dzebudiriro yavo. Zvinoshamisa hazvo. Wadii kudzidza zvidzidzo zveMongol Empire? Hondo nenyonganyonga zvave zvichidzokororwa mumazera ose. Pane mhinduro, asi nekuregeredza, unowedzera njodzi yekusangana nemarwadzo mamwe zvakare. Wakamboverenga here izvi? Ndedzipi zvokwadi nhatu dziri seri kwekuchinjana kwetsika kwakaunzwa neHondo dzechiKristudhomu? Zvidzidzo Zvinoshamisa muRunyararo uye Kutengeserana kubva Kuwedzera kweMongol Empire 3. Nhanganyaya Kukundwa kweMongol Empire kwakaunza marwadzo mazhinji, asi pfungwa pano haisi yekurumbidza mhirizhonga pachayo, asi rugare rwakatevera uye kutarisa kubudirira . Kudzidza kubva munhoroondo uye kushandisa kukosha kwekushandira pamwe nekugarisana panzvimbo pemhirizhonga kusvika nhasi chidzidzo chakakosha zvechokwadi kune ramangwana redu. Ichi chinyorwa chinoongorora kupokana pakati pekukunda kweMongol uye rugare nebudiriro yekutengeserana kwakatevera, uye inoongorora zvidzidzo zvevanhu vemazuva ano. Mavakirwo avakaita humambo hukuru pasi rose uye vakaunza kugadzikana, uye zvidzidzo zvinoshamisa zvakadzidzwa munzira. 0. Kusimuka kweUmambo hweMongol: Kuwedzera Kukunda 1 Muzana remakore rechitatu, mumwe murume akabuda mubani reMongolia. Zita rake ndiGenghis Khan. Nekuonekwa kwake, nyika yakashanduka zvachose. Umambo hweMongol hwakakura nokukurumidza mukutungamirira kwake, huchibva kuEurope kuenda kuChina. Uto reMongol raitungamirirwa naGenghis Khan rakanga risingakundiki zvechokwadi. Vaive vanyoro uye vakaremedza vadzivisi vavo nekumhanya kwavo nekurongeka kwavo. Uyezve, chimwe chombo chavaiva nacho

Unogona here kutenda kuti pane imwe nguva munhau apo hondo yakakonzera kufambira mberi? Pandakatanga kuziva nezveHondo dzechiKristudhomu, ndakafunga kuti dzaingova hondo dzechitendero. Asi muchokwadi, yakakurudzira kuchinjana kwetsika uye yakachinja nyika zvakanyanya. Hazvishamisi here kuti zvinhu zviviri izvi zvinoita sezvinopesana, hondo nekutsinhana, zvakabatana? Hondo DzechiKristu: Zvakaguma nehondo dzakarwiwa muzita rekutenda izvo zvaikurudzira kuchinjana kwetsika dzakasiyana Uchiri kufunga kuti hondo hadzina maturo here? Kana uchiziva kuti nei tichifanira kudzidza kubva munhoroondo, maonero ako anogona kuchinja. Kudai tikafuratira kuchinjana kwetsika kwakaunzwa neHondo Dzorudzidziso, nyika yedu yaizova nzanga yakavharika zvikuru uye yakamira zvinotyisa kupfuura zvayava iye zvino. Makaverenga here izvi? Ndeupi mhedzisiro inokatyamadza yetsika yakaparadzirwa neSirika Road uye hutachiona hutatu? Hondo DzechiKristu: Muuyo wehondo dzakarwiwa muzita rekutenda izvo zvakasimudzira kuchinjana kwetsika netsika 3. Mabviro eHondo Dzorudzidziso - Nei dzakavamba? ``Dzosera Jerusarema!'' Muna 1, Pope Urban II akadana Europe yose naaya mashoko, iyo yakava nhambo huru yechinjo yakazunungusa nguva. Panguva iyoyo, guta dzvene reJerusarema rakanga riri mumaoko evaMuslim, asi kuvaKristu rakanga riri imwe yenzvimbo dzechitendero dzakanyanya kukosha. Chido chikuru chekudzivirira kutenda uye pfungwa yebasa rekudzosa nzvimbo dzinoyera kubva mumaoko evahedheni zvakapararira muEurope yose, uye Hondo dzechiKristu dzakatanga. Asi kutenda ndiko chete kwaikurudzira vanhu here? Chokwadika, vavariro dzorudzidziso dzakanga dziri chisakiso chikuru. Pope Urban II akaita kuti vanhu vatende kuti nokurwira Mwari, zvivi zvavo zvaizoregererwa uye nzira yokuenda kudenga yaizozarurwa, uye varwi vakawanda nevagari vemo vakatenda mashoko ake ndokuenda kuhondo. Zvisinei, panguva imwe cheteyo, pakanga panewo mukana wekuwana ndima itsva nokupinda muhondo. Kwete kutenda chete, asiwo purofiti yemunhu oga nerukudzo zvaive zvikurudziri zvine simba. Munguva iyi, chitendero ndicho chaiva chinhu chiri chose muupenyu hwavanhu. Naizvozvo, pfungwa yo“kurwira Mwari” yakanga iri chikonzero chakakodzera upenyu norufu. Zvisinei, muchokwadi chehondo, zvinhu zvakasiyana-siyana zvakaoma zvakanga zvakabatana nokutenda. 1095. Cross-Cultural Exchange Yakagadzirwa neHondo - Zvigumisiro Zvisingatarisirwi Hondo dzechiKristu dzakatanga sekurwisana kwechikonzero chechitendero, asi dzakaguma dzava nemigumisiro isingatarisirwi. Kuchinjana kwetsika. Kusangana pakati petsika dzinopikisa kunogadzira ruzivo rutsva uye tekinoroji

Unoona bhaisikopo rinotyisa woshevedzera, "Zvinotyisa!" asi pane imwe nzvimbo yakadzika pasi, uri kunakidzwa nazvo? Pandakapinda mune imwe imba yaityisa kekutanga, ndakatya asi handina kurega kufara. Kubva ipapo, ndakaramba ndichiyeverwa nesimba iro kutya kune vanhu. Zvakadini kana nyika inotyisa yakaberekwa ine vanhu vanoda zvinotyisa? Asi zvakadini kana kutya kuri rutivi rwoupenyu hwezuva nezuva? Uchiri kufunga nezvokutyisa sevaraidzo chete here? Kana iwe ukatarisa munyika ye "nyika inotyisa" inokura kuburikidza nekutya, maonero ako achachinja zvechokwadi. Chinhu chinonyanya kurwadza pamusoro pekusaziva kusakwanisa kunzwisisa chokwadi chenyika, iyo izere nekutyisa kunopfuura fungidziro, uye kurasikirwa nemikana yekukura. Makaverenga here izvi? Tekinoroji inogona kuita otomatiki kurongeka kweasset? Ramangwana raizotaridzika sei nekuderedzwa kwe35% mukusiyana Ko kana "nyika inotyisa" ine hunhu hwenyika hwevanoda zvinotyisa? Nhanganyaya Wakambobatikana here nemabhaisikopo anotyisa kana manovhero? Hapana mubvunzo kuti manzwiro ekutya ane runako rusinganzwisisiki runotikwezva pasinei nokuti chii. Zvisinei, zvakadini kana "kutya" ikoko kwakabatanidzwa mune zvekutanga zvenyika? Unogona here kufungidzira nzanga yatinorarama tichitya sorutivi rwoupenyu hwedu hwezuva nezuva? Muchinyorwa chino, ngatitarisei nyika yengano inonzi "Horror Nation" uko kutyisa kwave chikamu chepakati munharaunda. Tichaongorora kuti kutya kunogadzirisa sei hupenyu hwevanhu kubva mutsika, zvematongerwo enyika, dzidzo, uye hupfumi. Tsika uye Tsika dzeNyika Inotyisa Nyika umo kutya kwave chikamu chehupenyu hwemazuva ese MuNyika Inotyisa, kutya kunopfuura varaidzo chete, ihwo hupenyu pachahwo. Zvinogona kuuya sechishamiso, asi vagari venyika ino vanotenda kuti nekuziva kutya uye kunetseka, tinokura uye tinokudziridza simba repfungwa. Panzvimbo pokunzvenga rutyo, vanorugamuchira ndokurugamuchira. Pakati payo ipfungwa yokuti "kutya kunopa simba." Mhuri dzinowanzopedza kupera kwevhiki dzichishanyira dzimba dzinotyisa uye kuongorora nzvimbo dzinotyisa. Zviitiko zvinotyisa-zvinotyisa uye "tsika dzehugandanga" dzinoitwa munyika yose uye dzave chikamu chakadzika midzi yehupenyu hwezuva nezuva. Kugoverana zvakaitika zvinotyisa nemhuri neshamwari kunosimbisa chisungo chiri pakati pavo. Horror-based fashoni uye zvivakwa Uchifamba mumigwagwa yeNyika Inotyisa, unobva waona dhizaini yayo yakasiyana. Dzimba dzacho dzakaita sechiGothic, uye migwagwa yakazara nezvidhori zvinoshamisa uye zvinhu zvinotyisa zvinoyeuchidza tsika dzekare.

Nhoroondo nguva dzose izere nekubudirira uye njodzi. Silk Road chiratidzo cheizvi. Unogona here kufungidzira kuti nzira imwe cheteyo yaibatanidza budiriro ndokuunza pfuma nezivo yakaunzawo rufu nedenda? Kuongorora Sirika Road: Zvinoshamisa kuti kufambira mberi kwekuchinjana kwetsika kwakafambisa kupararira kwezvirwere Pane imwe nguva, pandaifamba-famba pasi rose, ndakashamiswa uye ndakabatwa nekusiyana kwetsika kwandainzwa pose pandaiyambuka miganhu. Zvisinei, wakambofunga nezvengozi dziri seri kwemafaro iwayo here? Zvimwe chetezvo ndezvechokwadi nhasi. Uchiri kufamba uye usingatarise njodzi yekutapukirwa? Kana wangoziva chikonzero, yako inotevera nzira yekuita ichachinja. Kana isu tisingazive chokwadi ichi, tinodzokorora zvikanganiso zvakafanana uye totarisana nekutya kurasikirwa nevadikani pese panoitika denda rinotevera. Makaverenga here izvi? Ndezvipi zvinhu zvishanu zvinoita kuti masangano ashaye simba, zvakadzidzwa kubva mukuputsika kwehushe hweRoma? Iyo Silk Road: Budiriro uye Mimvuri yePathogens Mugwagwa weSirika wakaita basa rakakosha munhoroondo yenyika, uchibatanidza budiriro yekuMabvazuva neKumadokero kubva kare kusvika kuMiddle Ages. Idzi nzira dzekutengeserana dzakaisvonaka dzaitakura zvinhu zvinokosha zvakadai sesilika, zvinonhuhwirira, zvishongo, mapepa, uye girazi, uye dzaifambisa kuchinjana kwezivo, teknolojia, chitendero, uye pfungwa. Kutsinhana kwetsika neMugwagwa weSirika kwakakanganisa zvakanyanya nharaunda dzenzvimbo, kuunza budiriro itsva, asiwo njodzi dzisingatarisirwe. Muenzaniso chaiwo kupararira kwezvirwere. Kugarisana kwebudiriro uye kupararira kweutachiona kuburikidza nenzira iyi kunogona kutsanangurwa senyaya yenhoroondo. Kufambira mberi kwetsika kwakaunzwa nekutengeserana kwakaunzawo nhamo yedenda. Muchinyorwa chino, tichatarisa pakuchinjana kwetsika uye kupararira kwedenda munzira yeSirika, uye tofunga mashandisiro atingaita zvidzidzo zvenhoroondo kusvika nhasi. Silk Road Development uye Cultural Exchange Mugwagwa weSirika wakavhurwa zviri pamutemo neChina Han Empire muzana ramakore rechipiri BC. Mugwagwa uyu wakatanga kugadzirwa senzira yekutakura sirika kubva kuChina kuenda kumadokero, asi nekufamba kwenguva wakakura kuita nzira huru yekutengeserana inobatanidza kumabvazuva nekumadokero. Kuburikidza nenzira iyi, Hushe hweRoma, Persia, India, nyika dzeArab, nedzimwe nyika dzakasangana zvakananga neChina, uye zvinhu zvakawanda, pamwe chete neruzivo, ruzivo, uye chitendero, zvakatsinhaniswa. Pesvedzero huru dzetsika dzaive pfungwa dzechitendero dzakadai seBuddhism, Zoroastrianism, uye Islam. Semuenzaniso, chiBuddha chakauya kuChina kuburikidza neSilk Road ndokupararira kure kure. Zvakare, hunyanzvi hwetekinoroji hwakadai sehunyanzvi hwekudhinda, mapepa, zvigadzirwa zvegirazi, uye machira esirika zvakapararira kumatunhu akasiyana nenzira iyi, uye

Tese tinoziva kuti Hushe hweRoma hwakambonakidzwa nenguva ine mbiri pahwaitonga Mediterranean yese. Asi haushamisi here? Humambo hukuru uhu hwakatanga kuparara nekuda kwekuwedzera. Mukati meongororo yangu yenhoroondo, ndaona nguva zhinji apo kubudirira dzimwe nguva kunogona kuve muvengi wako mukuru. Uchiri kungotevera kukura here? Wakambofunga kwenguva refu uye zvakaoma nezvezvikonzero nei wakakundikana pawakawedzera zvakanyanya sezvakaita Roma? Kubwinya nekupunzika kweHumambo hweRoma: Nzira dzekuzviparadza dzeKuwedzera kweImperial Kana ukasaverengera, kukura nekubudirira kungave kuri kugadzira nzira yekuparadza iwe usingazvizivi. Iye zvino ndiyo nguva yekuziva zvaunofanira kuita kuti uzvidzivirire. Makaverenga here izvi? Chiedza nemumvuri wedemocracy yeAtene: Nei 3% isina kubatanidzwa? Kubwinya nekudonha kweHumambo hweRoma: Iyo Mechanism yekuzviparadza yakaunzwa neImperial Kuwedzera Nhanganyaya: Humambo hweRoma Panhongonya yeKubwinya kwahwo Hushe hweRoma chaive chiumbwa chakawana budiriro isingaenzaniswi munyika yekare. Sezvaunoziva, vaidzora nzvimbo yakakura, iri pakati pemhenderekedzo yegungwa yeMediterranean, uye ichipinda muEurope, Asia, uye Africa. Kubwinya uku kwakawanwa kupfurikidza nesimba rehondo reRoma, unyanzvi hwezvamatongerwe enyika, uye pesvedzero yetsika. Kubudirira kweguta reRoma kwaishamisa, uye rakanga riri musha weruzivo rwokugadzira zvinhu uye unyanzvi hwepamusoro-soro panguva iyoyo. Umambo hwacho hwakava norugare norubudiriro kupfurikidza nokubatanidza mapoka emarudzi akawanda netsika nokuabatanidza pamwe chete munhevedzano imwe. Nekudaro, kuseri kwekunze kwakajeka uku, chiitiko chisingatarisirwi chakamumirira. Denho yakanga isingaenzaniswi yokutonga nharaunda yakakura yaizoedza simba reRoma. Humambo hukuru hungaita sehusingazununguki pakutanga, asi kutaura zvazviri, kuwedzera pachakwo kunopa nzira yekupunzika. Funga nezvazvo, kukura kwakasimba kwakasimba here? Nzira yeKuwedzera kweHumambo: Kupokana kwezvibereko zvekukunda Mushonga wekubudirira kweRoma waiva musimba ravo rehondo rakasimba uye hurongwa hwekutonga hwakarongwa zvikuru. Kubva panguva yeRepublic, Roma yakaramba ichipinda nekukunda nzvimbo dzakatenderedza, nguva yega yega ichitora zvakapambwa, zviwanikwa, uye nhapwa kuti iwedzere kusimbisa simba rayo rehondo. Somugumisiro, Roma yakapinda mudenderedzwa rokuramba richikunda “vavengi vokune dzimwe nyika,” uye umambo hwakaramba huchikura. Mauto eRoma akakurira vavengi vavo nemaitiro epamusoro uye kuronga. Uyezve, kupa mvumo yokuva vagari veRoma munzvimbo dzakanga dzakundwa

Paunonzwa shoko rokuti “democracy,” haufungi here nezvenzanga yakanaka umo rusununguko nokuenzana zvinovimbiswa kuvanhu vose? Asi chaizvoizvo yakapiwa kumunhu wose here? Ndakamboyemura demokrasi yeAtene. Kusvikira ndadzidza kuti kutanga kwe "democracy huru" yakabvisa sei vanhu vazhinji. Chiedza Nomumvuri weDemocracy yeAtene: Nei kuberekwa kwedemokrasi kwakatungamirira kukusiyiwa kwevamwe vagari vemo ndichiri kuyeuka kuvhunduka kwandakanzwa pandakadzidza chokwadi chokuti simba raiiswa mumaoko evanhu vashomanana chete. Kana iwe uchiri kutenda kuti "munhu wese akaenzana," unogona kunge uri kuita chikanganiso chikuru. Kuramba tisina ruzivo nezve `` Mwenje neMimvuri yeDemocracy yeAtene: Sei kuzvarwa kwedemocracy kwakaita kuti vamwe vagari vemo varegererwe 'kuramba vasina kuzvidzivirira uye vasingazive kusaenzana nematambudziko akavanzwa mudemokrasi yemazuva ano. Wakamboverenga here izvi? Ndezvipi zvikonzero zvishanu zvesimba uye kuparara kwekunyora muMesopotamian civilization? Kuberekwa kweDemocracy yeAtene: Chiedza neMvuri 5. Kuberekwa kweAtenean Democracy Athens, guta repakati peGreece muzana remakore rechishanu BC, yakabereka hurongwa hwezvematongerwo enyika hunonzi ``democracy'' munhoroondo. Democracy yeAtene, iyo yakava hwaro hwedemokrasi yanhasi, yakavambwa kuburikidza neshanduko dzeCleisthenes zvichienderana nepfungwa yekupa vagari vese kodzero dzakaenzana dzekutora chikamu mune zvematongerwo enyika. Shoko rekuti “democracy” pacharo rinobva pamazwi echiGiriki okuti “demos” (vanhu) uye “kratia” (kutonga). Zvisinei, haana kureva “kodzero dzakaenzana kune vose” sezvatinofungidzira nhasi. Kunyange zvazvo Atene yakanga ichifambira mberi munzira dzakawanda, utongi hwayo hunoitwa navanhu hwaiva nezvose zviri zviviri chiedza nomumvuri. Kunyange zvazvo yakapa rusununguko nokuenzana kune vamwe vagari venyika, haina kuvimbisa kodzero dzakaenzana kuvagari vose. Kunyange zvazvo kugadzwa kwedemocracy kwakaunza shanduko munzanga yeAtene, chimiro chayo chaivawo nezvinhu zvekusabatanidzwa. 1. Chiedza cheDemocracy: Rusununguko uye Kuenzana kuVagari Kubudirira kwedemocracy yeAtene yaiva yokuti yakapa vagari vayo simba guru rekutonga. Kuva vagari vemunyika kwaipa varume kodzero dzakakosha dzezvematongerwo enyika, zvichivabvumira kutora chikamu muekklesias (magungano evagari vemunyika) nebresso (makanzura), mavaigona kusarudza nezvemitemo nemitemo yekukakavadzana. Iyi sisitimu ndiyo inoratidzirwa nevanyori venhoroondo se "democracy yakananga," muenzaniso umo manzwi evagari airatidzwa zvakananga mune zvematongerwo enyika.